Flow theory (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi, 1999) argues that these positive feelings only appear after the activity has ended ( Moneta and Csikszentmihalyi, 1996). (2010) for an extended list of motives.Ī bit of reflection, however, should bring forward the question of why such taxing and dangerous endeavors make people happy. See Kerr and Houge Mackenzie (2012) or Woodman et al. Indeed, studies show that the feeling of happiness is among the key motivators of extreme sport ( Brymer, 2005 Willig, 2008 Brown and Fraser, 2009 Hetland and Vittersø, 2012). Observing the scene leaves no room for doubt about Ryan’s emotional state-he was as happy as a human being can be. When BASE jumper Ryan Saunders landed successfully after a particularly challenging jump, he celebrated the achievement with a verbal eruption that lasted over 60 s: “Yes! Yes! F…ing yes! I don’t care if I sound like the biggest retard in the world – that was f…ing awesome!” ( NRK, 2011). If a goal (or value) is threatened, lost, or not achieved, negative feelings follow. When a goal is accomplished, the accompanying feeling is positive. By contrast, retrospective emotions involve the evaluation of the activity in relation to its goal. Within this framework, easy tasks produce happy feelings while difficult tasks produce interest-regardless of whether a goal has been reached or not. Findings are discussed with reference to the functional well-being approach arguing that some momentary feelings are non-evaluative in the sense of being caused by the difficulty of the ongoing activity. No significant associations between facially expressed and self-reported emotions were observed. The participants display less happiness during the activity than before and after the activity. Self-reported emotions were also assessed immediately after the trip was over. This article proposes some answers from a study of facially expressed emotions measured moment by moment during downhill mountain biking. However, during the activity, these athletes seem neither pleased nor happy. When extreme sport athletes explain the engagement behind their taxing and risky endeavors, they often refer to the happiness generated by the activities.
Audun Hetland * Eirik Kjelstrup Matthias Mittner Joar Vittersø
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